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Logic and Proofs

Sec 1.1

  • propositions 命题
  • propositional variables 命题变量
  • compound propositions 组合命题

Definitions:

  1. negation 否定
$¬p$
  1. conjunction 合取
$pq$
  1. disjunction 析取
$pq$
  1. exclusive or 异或
$pq$
  1. conditional statement 蕴含联结词
$pq$
pqpq
TTT
TFF
FTT
FFT
  1. biconditional statement 等价联结词
$pq$

Sec 1.2

system specifications should be consistent (自洽的)

Sec 1.3

  • tautology 永真式
  • contradiction 永假式
  • contingency 可满足式
  • satisfiable : exists a set of values for which the proposition is true

Laws

  1. logically equivalent 逻辑等价
$pq$
  1. De Morgan laws 德摩根恒等式
$¬(pq)¬p¬q¬(pq)¬p¬q$
  1. conditional-disjunction equivalence
$pq¬pq$
  1. Identity laws
$pTppFp$
  1. Domination laws
$pTTpFF$
  1. Idempotent laws
$pppppp$
  1. Double negation law
$¬¬pp$
  1. Commutative laws 交换律
$pqqppqqp$
  1. Associative laws
$(pq)rp(qr)(pq)rp(qr)$
  1. Distributive laws 分配律
$p(qr)(pq)(pr)p(qr)(pq)(pr)$
  1. Absorption laws 吸收律
$p(pq)pp(pq)p$
  1. Negation laws
$p¬pTp¬pF$

常用 equivalences

pq¬pq

pq(pq)(qp)

pq(pq)(¬p¬q)