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Logic and Proofs ​

Sec 1.1 ​

  • propositions 命题
  • propositional variables 命题变量
  • compound propositions 组合命题

Definitions:

  1. negation 否定
$¬p$
  1. conjunction 合取
$p∧q$
  1. disjunction 析取
$p∨q$
  1. exclusive or 异或
$p⊕q$
  1. conditional statement 蕴含联结词
$p⟹q$
pqp⟹q
TTT
TFF
FTT
FFT
  1. biconditional statement 等价联结词
$p⟺q$

Sec 1.2 ​

system specifications should be consistent (自洽的)

Sec 1.3 ​

  • tautology 永真式
  • contradiction 永假式
  • contingency 可满足式
  • satisfiable : exists a set of values for which the proposition is true

Laws ​

  1. logically equivalent 逻辑等价
$p≡q$
  1. De Morgan laws 德摩根恒等式
$¬(p∨q)≡¬p∧¬q¬(p∧q)≡¬p∨¬q$
  1. conditional-disjunction equivalence
$p⟹q≡¬p∨q$
  1. Identity laws
$p∧T≡pp∨F≡p$
  1. Domination laws
$p∨T≡Tp∧F≡F$
  1. Idempotent laws
$p∨p≡pp∧p≡p$
  1. Double negation law
$¬¬p≡p$
  1. Commutative laws 交换律
$p∨q≡q∨pp∧q≡q∧p$
  1. Associative laws
$(p∨q)∨r≡p∨(q∨r)(p∧q)∧r≡p∧(q∧r)$
  1. Distributive laws 分配律
$p∨(q∧r)≡(p∨q)∧(p∨r)p∧(q∨r)≡(p∧q)∨(p∧r)$
  1. Absorption laws 吸收律
$p∨(p∧q)≡pp∧(p∨q)≡p$
  1. Negation laws
$p∨¬p≡Tp∧¬p≡F$

常用 equivalences ​

p→q≡¬p∨q

p↔q≡(p→q)∧(q→p)

p↔q≡(p∧q)∨(¬p∧¬q)